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preparepm.com Tutorial - Project Quality Management
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The knowledge area of Project Quality Management consists of the following processes -
Quality Management Processes Process Project Phase Key Deliverables Quality Planning Planning Quality Management Plan,
Quality Metrics,
Qaulity baselinePerform Quality Assurance Execution Requested changes Perform Quality Control Control Quality control measurements - Grade refers to category or rank given to entities having same functional use but different technical characteristics. As an example, for different grades of hotels, the customers expectations are different. Poor grade may be acceptable, but poor quality is not.
- The aim of quality is to ensure "Conformance to requirements" and "fitness for use".
- Quality Policy defines the company goals and how to adhere to them. This acts as an input to Quality Planning for a project.
- Deming suggested a process of Plan-Do-Check-Act to improve quality. According to Deming, each process should go through these steps to improve the quality.
- Kaizen Theory - Apply continuous small improvements to reduce costs and ensure consistency.
- Marginal Analysis - You compare the cost of incremental improvements against the increase in revenue made from quality improvements. Optimal quality is reached when cost of improvements equals the costs to achieve quality.
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The value of sigma of Normal Distribution are given below. These are important for the exam.
Normal Distribution Sigma values Sigma Percentage covered One sigma 68.26% Two sigma 95.46% Three sigma 99.73% Six sigma 99.99% -
The following are inputs to Quality Planning Process -
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
- Project Scope statement
- Project management plan
- Giving extras i.e. doing more than the project scope is called gold-plating. PMI does not recommend gold-plating.
- Quality must be planned in and not inspected in. Prevention is more important than inspection.
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The following are tools and techniques for Quality Planning process -
- Benefit/Cost Analysis
- Benchmarking
- Additional quality planning tools
- Design of experiments
- Cost of quality
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Quality Assurance is done during execution of the project. It includes
- Process of evaluating overall performance on a regular basis
- Re-evaluating quality standards
- Quality audits - structured review of quality activities that identify lessons learned. These lessons learned are used for process improvement.
- Perform Quality Control focuses on correctness of work. It includes inspections. The tools and techniques used for Quality Control are -
- Cause and effect diagram
- Control charts
- Flowcharting
- Histogram
- Pareto chart
- Run chart
- Scatter diagram
- Statistical Sampling
- Inspection
- Defect repair review
- In Just-In-Time (JIT) Quality, the amount of inventory is zero. The inputs are made available, just when they are required. This reduces the storage cost.
- Rule of seven : In control charts, if there are seven points on one side of mean, then an assignable cause must be found.
- The process of Analogous Estimation involves looking at the history of past projects, and use them to make estimates.
Based on the above table, we can see that in six sigma one out of 10,000 items can have defects. In three sigma, twenty seven out of 10,000 items can have defects.